Employment and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Employment and Society - Essay Example Unhappy employees can never leave the management on with a positive edge for a burned out workforce usually results to reduce quality in productivity. It is a common scenario occurring to companies of any size both in developed and under-developed countries as one of many dreadful consequences of the 2007-2009 economic recession (Rooney, 2011, par.7-12). Economic experts explain that this issue at hand is a turnout of not only the macroeconomic events of the earlier years posting threat to termination of employment contract but also of the eradicating system of psychological contract in the workplace (Furness, 2008, par.4). Dr. Judith Barwick supported this notion by stating that the problem is not primarily economic recession but rather psychological recession which is an â€Å"emotional state in which people feel extremely vulnerable and afraid for their futures† (cited in Furness, 2008, par.8). Gone were the days when employees jump ships in their venture of their career development for the security of tenure gains higher relevance in this tough time of the economy. Innovation has been the key for companies to remain competitive in the ever evolving trends in the market to meet the demands of the consumers. Through years global competitiveness raised its bar challenging the companies to do better through increased productivity and specializing the skills of their employees. Yet the recent recession confined them to minimized production cost thus creating imbalance and difficulty on the part of the employee’s benefits and compensation. As quoted by Morrison (2012, p.1), leaders need to understand people to effect the needed changes but unfortunately, not all managers are capable of understanding their people. The traditional training for managers has been technical and non-personal in belief that it is necessary in order to

Lord Of The Flies by William Golding Essay Example for Free

Lord Of The Flies by William Golding Essay Q: Why did things on the island fall apart? When the boys landed on the island after their plane crash, they thought it was great and thought it was going to be fun to be without adults. However as the book went on the situation of the island slowly fell apart. There were very early signs in the book that things could fall apart for example Piggy was made fun of for being overweight and he also wore glasses and had asthma, these weaknesses where in my opinion a sign that things could go bad on the island. Further on in the book, when Ralph and Piggy met Jack and the choir, they had a clash of personalities, they didnt separate straight away but you could sense that they could and the clash of personalities was a big factor in things falling apart on the island. You could sense there was a clash in personalities because Jack Merridew was very arrogant and intimidating. this intimidated Piggy, which was straight away a negative thing on the island. As the book progressed Jack got more aggressive and became more obsessive about hunting, this was the major factor in the deterioration of things on the island. Ralph and the others were thinking far more logically by building shelters and building a fire to attract potential rescuers. Jack hunting aggravated Ralph because Ralph believed this was not helpful and wasnt going to get them off the island. Ralph was more concerned about getting off the island whereas Jack was more concerned about harming pigs and hunting. Basically I thought Ralph was using his common sense and saw rescue as most important. This would later become the main reason for why things on the island went so bad. At the start of the book Ralph gets voted Chief of the Island, and part of the rules were that everyone must listen to the person holding the conch. The conch was a symbol of peace, the exact opposite of what Jack represents, which is evil. Jack always wanted to be centre of attention and always wanted to put his point across. The conch prevented him from doing so, if someone said something he didnt agree with regardless whether he had the conch, this bothered Ralph and especially Piggy. The conch meant a lot to Piggy and he abided strictly by the rules of the conch. Jack however didnt want to and would continually break the rules and shout out when people where trying to speak. This lack of respect for the conch would really get to Piggy and Ralph because Jack would continually rebel against the ideas put forward. But no one would say anything because they feared Jack so much. As the book got on Jack became more obsessive about hunting, and even made up his own song Cut the pig. Cut her throat. Spill her blood This was evidence that Jack was becoming more twisted as an individual, and his passion for hunting started the rows and fights on the island. This aggravated Piggy a great deal, and Piggy confronted Jack by saying You and your blood, Jack Merridew! You and your hunting! We might have gone home Jack eventually retaliated by hitting Piggy. Jack would continually pick on Piggy because he was an easy target. Jack never really liked Ralph on the other hand but they had this mutual respect for each other, which was continually being tested. Jack was building up a kind of respect and following, people feared him, and he gained respect from them, he could do whatever he wanted because no one had the guts to confront him. For example he continued to talk without the conch, which was a rule that seemed not to apply to Jack, this was a sign that things were falling apart because they were forgetting about the rules. The longer they stayed on the island the boys started losing their minds and were becoming less logical. For example Ralph was forgetting his words, and was getting confused with him self. Which wasnt the Ralph we read about in the start of the book, at the start of the book Ralph was confident and was logical e.g. starting the fire etc. However Piggy on the other hand continually thought logically and like an adult, and was becoming aware of the goings on around him. Ralph: Why do you hate me? Ralph realised that Jack hated him and confronted him trying to find out why he hated him; this showed Ralphs courage and strong personality. This is very important because they are two very well respected characters and if one decided to leave then he would take people from the other. Later on in the book Jack tried seizing power in page 139 Hands up, said Jack strongly, whoever wants Ralph not to be chief? There was a silent reaction and no one put their hands up, this humiliated Jack and he left the group. His last few words were interesting, he said Im not going to play any longer. Not with you. This was interesting because he said hes not going to play with them anymore, Golding is reminding us that they are still only kids. Jack separating from the island was the main reason in my opinion why everything fell apart on the island. Jacks hunters where very close to him, and they later left Ralph without telling him, this made a big division in the island and this started the problems, which led to violence and insanity. The separation was like two countries going into battle, which was ironic since the world war was going on at the time of which the book was written. It was like a civil discontent which eventually led to break down of respect for authority and fighting between the two rival powers. There was a great rivalry between the groups and Jacks group invaded Ralphs camp and attacked them, as a warning shot to what could later happen, they also took Piggys glasses as a kind of bait so Ralph and the others would go searching for Jack. This lead to the killing of Piggy, and the death of Piggy left Ralph to fend for his self because Samneric had been taken hostages. The death of Simon and Piggy resulted in Ralph fighting for his life, on his own. Jack and the others decided to set the island on fire and chase after Ralph, this proved they were just savages because they didnt think about the consequences of setting the island alight, this would matter in the end because Ralph escaped the fire along with the littluns and Jack and the others got trapped in the fire. Although the end seemed to cut off short and it took a while to get into the actual story I thought Lord Of The Flies was a great book and well written. I liked the way Golding wove secret messages throughout the book. I can say I thoroughly enjoyed the book.

The Business Event Management

The Business Event Management Welcome to the future of Music Event Management. We help in organizing our different Music events with affordable festival. We plan our events base on the purpose of music like music festival. Our music event management services include a complete process of budgeting, event dates, selecting and reserving the event venue, coordinating transportation and parking, developing a theme or motive for the event, arrangement of speakers, decoration of site, catering services, event support and security. We along with our expert teams sit down and make decisions for the betterment of our clients and try to provide an excellent service according to the customers demands. 1.0 Introduction Today, events are central perhaps never before. Increased leisure time and discretionary spending have led to proliferation of public events, celebration and entertainment. Governments now support and promote events as well as parts of their strategies for economic development, nation building and destination marketing. Corporation and business embrace events as key elements in their marketing strategies and image promotion. The enthusiasm of community groups and individuals for their own interest and passion gives rise to a marvelous array of events on almost every subject and theme imaginable. Events spill out of newspapers and television screens, occupy much of our time and enrich our lives. Source: Special eventsGreat Britain-Management,  Elsevier/Butterworth Heinemann. 2006. 1.1 Define of Event Management Event management is the process by which an event is planned, prepared, and produced. As with any other form of management, it encompasses the assessment, definition, acquisition, allocation, direction, control, and analysis of time, finances, people, products, services, and other resources to achieve objectives. An event managers job is to oversee and arrange every aspect of an event, including researching, planning, organizing, implementing, controlling, and evaluating an events design, activities, and production. The festival was traditionally a time of celebration and recuperation which often followed a period of hard psychical labor, showing or harvesting of crops, for example. The essential feature of these festivals was the celebration or reaffirmation of community or culture. The artistic content of such events was variable and many had religious or ritualistic aspects, but music dance and drama was important feature of the celebration. Source: (The policy of study institute 1992) 2.0 Importance of Planning and administering in event management Event planners design, organize and coordinate conventions, conferences, corporate meetings, exhibitions, etc. In fact, there are thousands of events of every scale that need an event planners services. Somebody is always needed to oversee all the details and to ensure that the event happens, successfully. Event planners are responsible for every aspect, from marketing, catering, signage, displays, translation, audio-visual equipment, printing and security. They also take care of participants accommodations and transport. They are responsible for the financial side: setting and monitoring the overall budget for the venture. Political and Union events. Conferences and conventions. Trade shows. Company socials. Meetings. New product launches. Charity fundraisers. Grand openings. Festivals. Parties. Event management and planning is a career that offers excitement and a degree of glamour in return for hard work, a large amount of energy and flexibility, and a high level of organizational and logistical skills. 3.0 The Role of Music Festival Manager An event management professional is responsible for almost every aspect of event, from planning an event to the execution or conducting the event. An event management professional has to take care many operations and processes to organize an event and make it successful which generally include Planning the event, Venue selection for the event, Logistics, Design, Decoration, Negotiation, Media planning, Budgeting for the event, Marketing the event, Ticket sales, Customer service, Managing people, Catering, Hospitality, Time management and Problem solving. The Music Event Manager is the one essential position for any event committee organizing an event. The Music Event Manager is responsible for: à ¢-  The smooth running and coordination of the event. à ¢-  The inclusive and welcoming nature of the event for all. à ¢-  Ensuring that the event complies with all relevant Federal and State laws and local government policies and regulations. à ¢-  Ensuring that all forms are filled out and details lodged with the relevant authority. à ¢-  Ensuring that appropriate permission is received before the event goes ahead. à ¢-  Recording details of invitees and attendees. à ¢-  Ensuring that thank yours are sent to those who have helped in arranging or sponsoring à ¢-  The event and to any special guests. à ¢-  Advertising the event. à ¢-  Budget forecasting and financial control. Event Planning Role of Music event manager starts with planning the event. Event manager has to sit with client to plant the event, in which an event manager comes to know the purpose of the event, type of event, number of attendees, facilities required for the event and the timeline of the event. Budgeting Budgeting immediately comes after the planning of event. Every client has his own budget for the event. A Music event manager has to plan and organize the event within the budget. Every activity after planning the event will depend on clients budget, whether it is venue, food, decoration and gifts or any other part of the event. Venue Selection for the event Once the purpose of event, number of attendees, required facilities and timeline of the event decided, then the venue selection and venue booking comes in the focus. Every venue is not suitable for all kinds of events. Venue selection depends on purpose of event or type of event (i.e. venue for wedding could not same as for the venue of brand promotion or product launch), number of attendees and many other criteria. Good venue selection makes a deep impact on event. Logistics Administering the logistics for an event means planning, booking, outsourcing and monitoring many parts of the event with the help of team. Decoration, kind of furniture required, number of general furniture items (i.e. chairs for attendees), number of special furniture items (i.e. podium for speaker), water, electricity, sound, light, photography and video, menu planning, catering services, lodging and transportation of special guests or chief guests of the event, selection and packaging of return gifts (in many events) and many other activities are included in administering the logistics for an event. Many times, the client preferred theme party. In this case, a Music event manager has to arrange and monitor some additional logistics. Advertising and Media Planning Advertising and media planning are required for many social events (i.e. musical night of renowned singer) and corporate events (i.e. product launch). For many other events, ticket selling is also required (i.e. sports events, movie premiers). A Music event manager has to plan and execute all these activities also. 4.0 Why an action plan is necessary for music festival This stage is to start formulating a Music Action Plan. To be clear, the Music Action Plan is a live management tool that details key project milestones and activity against a timeline it should be continually reviewed and updated as the music planning and operations progress. The music Plan, on the other hand, is a strategic vision and planning document which outlines the event objectives, states the business case and gives financial projections and information over a given time period (often 3-5 years). The Music Plan should be reviewed at key stages as agreed by event partners (most likely at the beginning of each planning stage). It is important to commit our thoughts to paper. This is essential in order to help our understand and share what has to be done, when and by whom. Its also a requirement if we are looking to convince others to invest in our event. Putting together the Music Event Action Plan is a straightforward task that involves listing key activities against a timeline and stating who will be responsible for delivering each element. Critically, it will help us to ensure we have enough time to complete all necessary tasks and help all involved understand their responsibilities. Key activities listed in our Music Event Action Plan may include: > Writing/updating the Music Plan > Identifying event partners and supporters > Recruitment and training > Fundraising activity and deadlines > Budgeting milestones > Key meetings i.e. steering group or sub-committee meetings > Confirming venue(s) > Booking or commissioning program elements > Pre-production/production milestones > Implementing the Marketing Strategy > Live event > Monitoring, evaluation reporting . Use team meetings to update the plan and then make sure that all revisions are circulated to those who are working from the plan. Depending on the size and complexity of our event, we may have separate, more detailed Action Plans for different work areas or departments. For example, we may have one for marketing, one for production, one for fundraising, etc. Its a useful approach to be able to show the entire activity timeline and also to be able to break it down into departments. We may have project management software to help put us together our plan, but if not, a simple activity/month table is useful. Below is a basic template that we could easily replicate in Microsoft Word or similar packages. We have included some sample entries to get us started. As appropriate, we can expand our Action Plan by providing the necessary detail. The point is that it has got to work for us and our event. This chart may be identified why is it necessary for our event. Development of Music concept or event bid Feasibility Study Cost and benefit of events Events resource and infrastructure requirements Decision to chease Decision to proceed with new event Established of organization structure Conduct situation of analysis Creation of control system Development of evaluation of feedback process Source adapted from Getz (2005) Techniques that can be used to monitor progress in music festival The Event Managers role includes ensuring that the music event runs smoothly. A key role is to communicate with all officials and volunteers to ensure that their tasks are being carried out. Always check off the time-line of tasks and duties before and during the event. As tasks are interrelated, it is essential that they are completed in the time planned so as to keep the whole process on track. It is the Music Event managers responsibility to ensure this is done. It is good practice to set regular meeting dates and times for the various individuals and subcommittees to report. Keep minutes and records of all meetings and follow-up on tasks between meetings. These records will be used for monitoring and coordination as well as for the final evaluation, event reporting and input to planning for future music events. Computer programs or work flow charts for project planning and management are also useful for music event monitoring and record keeping. Continuous monitoring is essential for successful events and provides early warning if things begin to deviate from the plan. The earlier any deviations are noticed, the greater the chance of dealing with the situation before major reorganization is required. The more slack time between critical tasks, the more options for adjustment. If the plan needs adjusting because of over-runs of time or resources, the main options open to the Event Manager and the event committee are to: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ find additional resources (eg recruit additional volunteers or seek more funds) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ reassign resources to shorten critical tasks (eg move volunteers or finance from one task area to another) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ reduce costs and/or reschedule key tasks (eg drop non-critical tasks or move non-critical tasks to another time). 5.0 The importance of monitoring or evaluating each stage of planning cycle in music festival The music planning process is an ongoing cycle that incorporates a series of different stages. The outcomes of one stage may change the next stage of the plan. One way of thinking about the stages involved in the planning cycle is: Assessing the context- What need to be done? Detailed planning-who, what, where Monitoring and evaluation Agreeing the outcomes What difference do we want to make Agreeing action How will we go about making difference Setting indicators how we will know we made a difference Each stage feeds into the next, making planning an ongoing activity which is closely linked to evaluation. Planning with communities needs to build upon where the community is now, taking time to identify strengths, opportunities and priorities, and it needs to go at a pace that suits the community. Sometimes earlier stages of the planning cycle will need to be revisited and adapted based on the changing context. 6.0 The importance of time management in music festival Time is one of the most important factors in life. Once time goes it never comes again. Once a thing is done it is done it cannot be changes. One cant go into the history nor change it. Time is as important as money one should spend it carefully. Here are some of the reasons why time management is so important for music festival. 1 Time is limited Time is limited one cannot store or save time. In during the period everything is to finish in music festival. 2. Too many things to do Time is limited but the things to be done are many. One need to maintain a proper schedule and choose the right time for the right activity. Time management helps to choose the things to be done. Time management helps to manage more time to do the things which are more valuable and important to do in music festival. 3. Time management helps to finish the different task in less amount of time- Time management allows to allot good amount of time to different things and get the different things done. By using time management one can plan and organise his activities properly in music festival. 4. Make us conscious about time Time management makes us conscious of the time we have and the different things we have to do in the available time. By being conscious about the available time one used the time more carefully in music festival. 5. Change music festival activities Time management changes music festival activities. People like different music to different symphony by time management. Now music festival has arranged all in one activities. Time management is very important in music festival because all the festival activities has to finish during the festival period. 7.0 Methods Used to Evaluate Success of Music Festival Radio advertising should be predominant for the repositioning- our target audience are large radio listeners, and respond well to this media. Internet the target audience very technologically aware and a viral e-mail campaign with a well developed, interactive, website is essential to increase awareness. In addition we should have a campaign through printed media- there are many specialist magazine aim at the target audience and we should use these to promote sales. (See below) Music festival Manager such as posters should also be used and Sales promotion Sponsorship and PR 8.0 Conclusion Manager is there to work in event. It is all about planning, planning and more planning. It is more significance on the company festival manager. It is necessary to change new horizon of music festival. Because people needs new quality of music festival. We can say for arranging any company follow our music festival and also important to develop organizer activities. This is important for company festival manager to change new horizon and creativity in new path of organization. An event manger organizes all the festival activities and preparing event atmosphere in his decision.

Afraid to know the truth Essay -- essays research papers fc

Afraid to Know the Truth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   AIDS is an extraordinary kind of crisis that is both an emergency and a long-term development issue. Despite increased funding, political commitment and progress in expanding treatment, the AIDS epidemic continues to outpace the global response. No region of the world has been spared. The epidemic remains extremely dynamic, growing and changing in character as the virus exploits new opportunities for transmission. The UNAIDS/WHO global overview of the AIDS/HIV epidemic has reported in the year 2003, almost five million people became newly infected with HIV, the greatest number in any one year since the beginning of the epidemic. At the global level, the number of people living with HIV continues to grow. In the year 2001 the number increased from 35 million to 38 million in 2003. In the same year almost 3 million people have died of AIDS; over 20 million have died since the first cases of AIDS were identified in 1981 (5). According to the Center of Disease Control and Prevention estimate that 850,000 to 950,000 people are living with HIV/AIDS in the United States one quarter of which are unaware of their infection (par.6).Based on these statistics it is an obvious fact that this is a growing problem which continues to get worse year after year. The AIDS epidemic has been established as not only a national problem, but just as well as an international problem. In 2003, young people (15-24) accounted for nearly half of all new infections of HIV worldwide; more than 6,000 became infected everyday (par.3). I become very dismayed to find out that the majority of people that are infected with this terminal disease are at the ages where many at this age go out in the world to make a life for themselves. But, because of lack of responsible actions they must live with this disease for the remainder of their lives. Even though there are many types of treatment for those infected with this disease and with treat ment AIDS/HIV patients can live a lot longer than 20 years ago when the first cases of AIDS were identified, the fact still remains it is an incurable disease. The most vital factor that will have to come into play to make a significant difference in slowing down or possibly stopping this epidemic is prevention. But, despite the seriousness of this problem there are many factors that come into play that... ... the reality of the truth appropriately. A CDC( center of disease control and prevention) study interviewed 2370 HIV-negative or untested people, 25% of those who were tested and 23% of those who delayed testing said the fear of a positive result was the main reason why they delayed testing (par.2). The biggest step in stopping this epidemic before it continues to have an even bigger impact on the world is obviously prevention. People need to become more aware of the risks and must become more responsible in protecting themselves. A crucial factor that would help the prevention of this epidemic even more is getting tested. I must quote the infamous lines that are said in ‘getting tested’ commercials that are frequently aired on MTV and VH1, â€Å"Knowing is Beautiful†. WORKS CITED 1.) UNAIDS/WHO 2004 Global Report on AIDS epidemic   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.) Fleming, P.L. et al. HIV Prevalence in the United States, 2000. 9th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Seattle, Wash., Feb. 24-28, 2002. Abstract 11. 3.) http://www.amfar.org/cgi-bin/iowa/news/record.html?record=25 4.) www.forrealease.com 5.) http://www.critpath.org/wtp/fastfax/ff210.htm Afraid to know the truth Essay -- essays research papers fc Afraid to Know the Truth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   AIDS is an extraordinary kind of crisis that is both an emergency and a long-term development issue. Despite increased funding, political commitment and progress in expanding treatment, the AIDS epidemic continues to outpace the global response. No region of the world has been spared. The epidemic remains extremely dynamic, growing and changing in character as the virus exploits new opportunities for transmission. The UNAIDS/WHO global overview of the AIDS/HIV epidemic has reported in the year 2003, almost five million people became newly infected with HIV, the greatest number in any one year since the beginning of the epidemic. At the global level, the number of people living with HIV continues to grow. In the year 2001 the number increased from 35 million to 38 million in 2003. In the same year almost 3 million people have died of AIDS; over 20 million have died since the first cases of AIDS were identified in 1981 (5). According to the Center of Disease Control and Prevention estimate that 850,000 to 950,000 people are living with HIV/AIDS in the United States one quarter of which are unaware of their infection (par.6).Based on these statistics it is an obvious fact that this is a growing problem which continues to get worse year after year. The AIDS epidemic has been established as not only a national problem, but just as well as an international problem. In 2003, young people (15-24) accounted for nearly half of all new infections of HIV worldwide; more than 6,000 became infected everyday (par.3). I become very dismayed to find out that the majority of people that are infected with this terminal disease are at the ages where many at this age go out in the world to make a life for themselves. But, because of lack of responsible actions they must live with this disease for the remainder of their lives. Even though there are many types of treatment for those infected with this disease and with treat ment AIDS/HIV patients can live a lot longer than 20 years ago when the first cases of AIDS were identified, the fact still remains it is an incurable disease. The most vital factor that will have to come into play to make a significant difference in slowing down or possibly stopping this epidemic is prevention. But, despite the seriousness of this problem there are many factors that come into play that... ... the reality of the truth appropriately. A CDC( center of disease control and prevention) study interviewed 2370 HIV-negative or untested people, 25% of those who were tested and 23% of those who delayed testing said the fear of a positive result was the main reason why they delayed testing (par.2). The biggest step in stopping this epidemic before it continues to have an even bigger impact on the world is obviously prevention. People need to become more aware of the risks and must become more responsible in protecting themselves. A crucial factor that would help the prevention of this epidemic even more is getting tested. I must quote the infamous lines that are said in ‘getting tested’ commercials that are frequently aired on MTV and VH1, â€Å"Knowing is Beautiful†. WORKS CITED 1.) UNAIDS/WHO 2004 Global Report on AIDS epidemic   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.) Fleming, P.L. et al. HIV Prevalence in the United States, 2000. 9th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Seattle, Wash., Feb. 24-28, 2002. Abstract 11. 3.) http://www.amfar.org/cgi-bin/iowa/news/record.html?record=25 4.) www.forrealease.com 5.) http://www.critpath.org/wtp/fastfax/ff210.htm

Large Parallel Processing Systems Architecture Essay

Today it would be seen as a parallel processing tile from which to construct big parallel treating systems. Transputer like architectures are now the average watercourse of parallel computer science. It was seen in many different ways, depending on the point of view and cognition of the individual sing it. Where Inmos started from when making the transputer was embodied in the name, derived from trans, intending across, with the postfix ‘puter, from computing machine. The thought was that applications were progressively affecting flows of informations instead than necessitating more structured activities on predefined sets of informations, as are characteristic of a â€Å" normal † computing machine. This was the thought that was making the digital signal processor ( DSP ) . But where a DSP takes informations in from a beginning, processes it, and passes it on, the transputer had four channels of bi-directional communicating, or links. That made it simple to construct a planar array, each transputer associating to four neighbours.IntroductionThe transputer was an advanced computing machine design of the 1980s from INMOS, a British semiconducting material company based in Bristol. Transputer was the first individual bit computing machine designed for message passing multipr ocessor systems.When the transputer was foremost reviled, many thought this exceeding construct should be the following revolution in microprocessor engineering. As you may already hold guessed, things did n't go on as expected: today, the transputer this interesting bit has mostly forgotten, but it is indispensable to compose about it on this paper.TRANSPUTER ARCHITECTURE:First coevals of them are 16 spot transputers: T212, T222, T225 ( The 212 ran at 20MHz both the T222 and T225 ran at 20MHz. ) ; 32 spot transputers without a drifting unit: T400, T414, T425, T426 ( the T414 was available in 15 and 20MHz assortments, T425 in 20, 25 and 30MHz assortments ) ; 32 spot transputers with a drifting unit: T800, T801, T805 ( the T805 was besides subsequently available as a 30MHz portion. All have the same direction sets, the same architecture and to the full compatible communications links. Second Generation 64 spot transputer with a drifting unit: T9000. Although the architecture is the s ame, it is a new design and is really more complex bit than its predecessors. All the transputers except T9000 has indistinguishable architecture. The internal coach connects the processor to local memory and to an external memory interface. The communicating links are connected to the coach by an interface. This makes it possible for the processor to work independent of the links. Depending on the type of transputer, the drifting point unit and other system services are besides connected to this coach. In figure1 T805 is the celebrated one. It consists of a conventional, RISC processor, a communicating subsystem, four Kb of on-chip RAM, four high-velocity inter-processor links and a memory interface, system services and a floating point. These functional units will briefly explains in the undermentioned subdivisions.The procedure:A procedure on the transputer is described by several pieces of information, such as workspace, registries, plan and precedence. Such a procedure does non hold to be a consecutive procedure but can besides dwell of several sub proced ures. The procedures on the transputer can be separated in two classs: Active procedures: is a procedure which is executed or which is waiting for the following to be executed. Inactive procedures: is a procedure which is suspended at specific clip or which is waiting for inter procedure communicating.2 Registers:â€Å" The transputer has a little figure of registries, a workspace registry ( Wreg ) , an direction arrow ( Iptr ) , an operand registry ( Oerg ) and a three registry rating stack ( Areg, Breg, and Creg ) † ( hypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.com.qa/books? id=zroYqxO9o3IC & A ; pg=PA16 & A ; lpg=PA16 & A ; dq=Instruction+pointer, operand+register, workspace+register & A ; source=bl & A ; ots=fiv2ktQmIW & A ; sig=AYGCR5W73DgjhP_TsIxyKS6HLkw & A ; hl=ar & A ; ei=IeIXS_jgIM2IkAXqo8TjAw & A ; sa=X & A ; oi=book_result & A ; ct=result & A ; resnum=5 & A ; ved=0CBwQ6AEwBA # v=onepage & A ; q=Instruction % 20pointer % 2Coperand % 20register % 2Cworkspace % 20register & A ; f=false ) . The registries Areg, Breg, Creg are used as a stack, instead like early reckoners, to keep intermediate consequences. The registries Areg, Breg and Creg form a stack. Every direction notionally pops off the stack the points that it is traveling to work on, so pushes its consequence back onto the stack. This stack agreement is what allows most of the instructions to hold no operands. The agreement is like some programmable reckoner linguistic communications ( though such linguistic communications are much more limited ) † hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cs.bris.ac.uk/~ian/transput/page3.htm, † . There is no protection against forcing excessively many values on the stack that it overflows. ( It is left to compilers and assembly codification authors. ) .These characteristics leads to simplified registry connexion, compact instructions, faster register entree. Iptr, Wreg, Oreg: These are called consecutive control registries: Direction arrow ( Iptr ) , holds the reference of the following direction. Workspace registry ( Wreg ) , holds the workspace arrow ( Wptr ) which is the reference an country of memory called the local workspace. Operand registry ( Oreg ) , holds the operand for the current direction. It ca n't be straight loaded from ( or stored in ) the informations portion of the memoryDirection Set:All the transputers have the same direction format.Instruction Fetch StateIn order to bring the direction to be executed following:Iptr must be selected to Input for the reference coach in which Iptr contains the reference for the following direction,memory must be selected to the beginning for the information coach since the reference to be executed following which is kept in Iptr must loaded on the reference coach,Ireg must be set to the end product finish for the information coach, andthe following reference of the micro-code ROM must be set to 0x001 to travel to the direction decode province.The specification is given in this province and is described in the micro-code ROM at reference 0x000..Direction Decode StateThe contents of four higher spots of Ireg or Oreg 32bit are used to stipulate the following direction to be done. The following reference of the micro-code ROM is so determined conditionally harmonizing to the direction decoded.Instruction Execution StateIf the direction to be executed is finished in one province passage, so the following province will be back to the Instruction Fetch. Alternatively if the direction needs other provinces to finish, so the following reference for the micro-code ROM is an appropriate 1 for the following province.Floating Point Unit of measurement:â€Å" It is about independent of the remainder of the bit. It has its ain internal registries, separate from the registries used by whole number operation.It execute instructions to execute drifting point arithmetic operation s, including platitude operation such as add-on or generation, and more complicated operations such as rating of some nonnatural maps like sine or logarithm † ( hypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.com.qa/books? id=I2TCERgkcCgC & A ; pg=PA304 & A ; lpg=PA304 & A ; dq=floating+point+unit+has+own+stack & A ; source=bl & A ; ots=cVSlbfR1Av & A ; sig=HdSpHb79OdVrp4QfRpkXyso-05I & A ; hl=ar & A ; ei=OFUZS5SuMM2TkAXbx4XfAw & A ; sa=X & A ; oi=book_result & A ; ct=result & A ; resnum=6 & A ; ved=0CCEQ6AEwBQ # v=onepage & A ; q=floating % 20point % 20unit % 20has % 20own % 20stack & A ; f=false ) . It has its ain development stack registries FAreg, FBreg, FCreg. There are 53 floating-point instructions. High degree programming linguistic communication to plan is strongly advised instead than assembly. It bases IEEE criterions for the natation point format, operations and consequences: For the 32 spot Numberss ; 1 spot for mark, 8 spot for advocate, 23 spot for fixed-point part. For the 64 spot Numberss ; 1 spot for mark, 11 spots for advocate, 52 spots for fixed-point part. It besides supports such consequences Inf ( space ) , NaN ( non a figure and non defined ) .Timers:â€Å" The transputer has two timers, one that gives a tick every microsecond and one that gives a tick every 64 microseconds ( for the 20 MHz T414 ) . This can be considered another incommodiousness because the two timers are associated with a degree of precedence. Low-priority procedures can non utilize the high-resolution timer. This means it can go on that processes run needlessly in high-priority, all because of the fact they have to utilize the high-resolution timer † ( hypertext transfer protocol: //74.125.153.132/search? q=cache: RID6_SK4ugEJ: www.science.uva.nl/~mes/psdocs/transputers.ps.gz+The+transputer+has+two+timers & A ; cd=6 & A ; hl=ar & A ; ct=clnk & A ; gl=qa, Transputer, Jacco de Leeuw Arjan de Mes, October 1992 ) .System Servicess:â€Å" On all INMOS board merchandises the term ‘system services ‘ refers to the aggregation of the reset, analyse, and mistake signals. On the IMS B008 the system services for the TRAM in slot 0 can be connected to either the UP system services from another board or the system services controlled by the Personal computer coach interface. System services for the other TRAMs can be connected to the same beginning as TRAM 0 or to the subsystem port of TRAM 0. As shown in the block diagram the Down and Subsystem services are brought out to the 37 manner D-type connection leting this hierachy to be extended to multi board systems † . ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.classiccmp.org/transputer/documentation/inmos/1861.pdf ) Link: ( Communication between procedures on the transputer is performed by two instructions input message and end product message. The communicating which is supported is a point-to-point, unbuffered message-passing strategy. It therefore requires a handshaking between procedures, which synchronises them. Communications over these links are controlled by independent accountants, which have DMA entree to the transputers memory ) ( hypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.com.qa/books? id=6HcBQ67-Fb4C & A ; pg=PA358 & A ; lpg=PA358 & A ; dq=The+INMOS+Link+ % 2BDMA & A ; source=bl & A ; ots=esMJ1tFuhv & A ; sig=7nu_kxm48ARMoIoerKLu4uMhVq8 & A ; hl=ar & A ; ei=kmAZS_GjAoqUkAWVpuDQAw & A ; sa=X & A ; oi=book_result & A ; ct=result & A ; resnum=3 & A ; ved=0CBUQ6AEwAg # v=onepage & A ; q=The % 20INMOS % 20Link % 20 % 2BDMA & A ; f=false ) . They are highly flexible and can be used for, interfacing with peripherals utilizing a nexus adapter, an ASIC ( Application specific integrated circuit ) bit can utilize a nexus to read and compose straight into a transputer memory at high velocity, most common to speak to another processor, normally anther transputer.Link CommunicationThe hardware connexion of links is simple, short distances. Linkss are consecutive port. if you see the figure for each nexus connexion merely two paths are required. In transputer the processor and four links have independent entree to the memory. The processor sets up a nexus and after that it freedom to put to death other codification while dedicated nexus logic handles the communicating. All these four links can be outputting and inputting while the processor is running codification. Of class there may a job with bandwidth when processor and all links entree memory at the same clip. Because the links designed the transputer do non necessitate to be synchronized in order to speak each other.T9000 Second Coevals:â€Å" The T9000 is the latest coevals of Transputers from INMOS. It represents an betterment on the bing coevals of transputer merchandises in both capableness and public presentation. The T9000 extends the transputer architecture in a figure of ways. The most of import of these is that the T9000 transputer decouples the physical connec-tivity of a system from its logical connectivity. Between any two straight connected T9000 transputers. there may be established an about limitless figure of The T9000 nexus system besides enables transputers to be connected via a web of C104 package routers which allows practical channels to be established from any transputer to any figure of other transputers. Other extensions of the architec- ture include the sweetening of the procedure theoretical account to supply per-process mistake handling installations and the ability to run plans under memory manage- ment.The T9000 has approximately ten times the public presentation of a T805. This betterment derives from a assortment of beginnings including the usage of caching, betterments in semiconducting material engineering, and a extremely pipelined, superscalar processor † . ( hypertext transfer protocol: //74.125.153.132/search? q=cache: hxPXQT2PHZUJ: wotug.ukc.ac.uk/parallel/vendors/inmos/T9000/T9000.ps.Z+T9000+Transputer & A ; cd=3 & A ; hl=ar & A ; ct=clnk & A ; gl=qa, The, T9000 Transputer ) â€Å" It has a 32-bit pipelined processor with a 64-bit FPU and 16 Kbytes of cache. There are four bi-directional consecutive informations links and a Virtual Channel Processor ( VCP ) leting efficient T9000-to-T9000 communications. These constituents are combined onto a individual incorporate circuit † . ( hypertext transfer protocol: //hsi.web.cern.ch/HSI/dshs/publications/t9paper/T9paper_3.html, 09 NOV 95, The Application of the T9000 Transputer to the CPLEAR experiment at CERN ) Figures:Decision:Mentions:Transputer Application, M.Jane et. , Eds. IOS Press,1992hypertext transfer protocol: //www.articlesbase.com/hardware-articles/do-you-know-what-a-transputer-is-305058.html, Do you Know What a Transputer Is? Jan 15th, 2008, Jos Kirpsttp: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transputer # T2: _16-bithypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.com.qa/books? id=zroYqxO9o3IC & A ; pg=PA16 & A ; lpg=PA16 & A ; dq=Instruction+pointer, operand+register, workspace+register & A ; source=bl & A ; ots=fiv2ktQmIW & A ; sig=AYGCR5W73DgjhP_TsIxyKS6HLkw & A ; hl=ar & A ; ei=IeIXS_jgIM2IkAXqo8TjAw & A ; sa=X & A ; oi=book_result & A ; ct=result & A ; resnum=5 & A ; ved=0CBwQ6AEwBA # v=onepage & A ; q=Instruction % 20pointer % 2Coperand % 20register % 2Cworkspace % 20register & A ; f=false

A play that was written by Arthur Miller in the 1950s Essay

† The Crucible† is a play that was written by Arthur Miller in the 1950s. The play was originally produced in 1953 at a time where McCarthyism was at its peak. This was a time of American paranoia when Americans believed that the Russians were planning start a war with them. The Americans accused members of the society of been a communist spy for the most trivial reasons. It was a situation of hysteria. This was very similar to the situation in Salem two hundred years earlier. The people of Salem would believe anyone to be a witch even if they had very little or no evidence. Salem was governed by theocracy this meant the church ran the local government, therefore they had orthodox religious beliefs. Arthur Miller compares these two situations to show that we all should learn from past mistakes. The past events in Salem contributed to the situation in 1950s America, this shows Causation. The title reflects the play because a crucible is a container used to expose its contents to very high temperatures, this can cause impurities to rise to the surface, it’s metaphoric meaning is a place of severe test or trial. In the play eighteenth century Salem becomes a Crucible, Judge Danforth creates a situation in which he is trying to force the supposed witches to the surface and purify Salem. Miller uses dramatic techniques to maintain the audiences’ interest the message that Miller conveys is to learn from your mistakes and not to jump to conclusions. Abigail changes the way she acts when interrogated by Hale. Abigail has previously been perceived as a dynamic and powerful individual however when Rev. Hale questions her she comes across as very desperate and paranoid. This is shown when Abigail says, â€Å"I am a good girl, a proper girl†. She attempts to make herself out to be a model Puritan, Parris and Hale are manipulated but the audience knows that Abigail is no telling the truth, this is dramatic irony. The playwright Arthur Miller presents Abigail to be extremely deceptive and two-faced, as he wants the audience to dislike her. This is shown when Abigail notices an opportunity to blame Tituba for the unchristian and unlawful activities that she has committed. For instance Abigail blames Tituba for making her laugh in the middle of prayer and for waking her in the night and Abi finds herself naked. Miller does this to give an insight of the sin Tituba is not given the chance to object or justify Abigail’s accusations. An example of this is â€Å"Mister Reverend, I never. † And Hale interrupts her by saying â€Å"Tituba I want you to wake this child. † Reverend Hale is not interested in Tituba’s defence but her satanic influence. This shows that Hale does not pity Tituba he hears that which he wishes to hear. This reveals that the citizens of Salem will believe what they are told, they follow the majority. When Tituba enters the room Abigail immediately puts the blame on her. This shows that Abigail was under a lot of pressure, so much so that she transferred the blame onto the first person that entered the room. Tituba was not expecting Abigail to blame her. She shows this when the stage directions are â€Å"shocked and angry† Tituba previously considered Abi to be a loyal and honest person. Tituba has misinterpreted Abigail’s character. Miller increases the tension as the audience sympathises with the slave since her English is bad and she is been tricked into admitting something she has not done. When Abigail mentions the word â€Å"blood†, Parris Mrs Putnam and Tituba all repeat it. This reveals that the incident that took place in the forest was not as innocent as was first thought. It shows that in fact it was a lot more sinister. The repetition of this key work creates tension since repetition creates a sense of hysteria. Miller reveals this information to increase the audience’s interest. The characters that repeat the word â€Å"blood† are insecure and gullible.